Reform Movements

                         

      Throughout the 19th century many changes came after the development of government and social movements emerged, by religion, by oposision to slavery, the abuse of power over women and rights to education and health. 

      These movements were:

• Education Movement
• Health Movement
• Abolition Movement
• Women's Rights

Education

Education

       The reformers recognized that if the people were to government, they need to be educated. Under the leadership of Horace Mann, Massachusetts led the 19th-century drive for public education. Mann believed that every human need and had right to an education, his ideas spread rapidly. By 1860, most people had at least an elementary education in all regions. But the south educational opportunities for girls and young women also expanded. Horace Mann was a american education reformer. As a politician, he served in the House of representatives of Massachusetts from 1827-1833 he served in the Massachusetts senate, after serving as secretary of the card of education. 

     Arguing that universal public education is the best way to convert the nation's unruly children into disciplined. Republicans, thoughtful citizens,  Mann won widespread approval from modernizers, especially in the party, for building public schools, most states adopted of one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially  the program for "NORMAL SCHOOLS" to train professional teachers, Mann has been recognized by historians of education as the ¨ Father of the Common School Movement¨ in 1838, he founded and edited the common school journal, in the journal Mann directs public schools.

Health

      In the early 1800 , most Mentelly ill people were kept locked up in prisons Dorothea Dix studied the poor treatment of the Mentally ill and reported her findings to the state legislature , wich autorized funds for state mental  hospital.  The reformers also pushed for the creation of prisons, hospital, orphanages, and institution to care for physically disabled people.

     Dorothea Dix, a tireless crusader for the treatment of the Mentally ill was made the superintendent of nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War. After the War , she retired to an apartment in the first hospital that she had founded, in Trenton, New Jersey.

Dorothea Lynde Dix born in Hampden, Maine, US in April 4,1802 and died July 17,1887(aged 85) Treton, New Jersey, U.S.

The parents was Joshep Dix and Mary Bigelow. 

The year 1841  also marked the begining  of the superintendence of DR.John Lalt at Williansbrug, Virginia the first Publicy supported psychiathic hospital in america.

Abolition

                         ABOLITIONISM  is a movement to end slavery.

     The reason abolitionist movement was emancipation of all slaves and the end of racial discrimination and segregation. A group of people try to restrict slavery to existing area and prevent its spread further west. Abolitionist ideas become increasingly prominent in Northern churches and politics beginning in the 19 century and that brought the conflict between North and South leading up to the civil war. The abolition fight for the African-American slaves a group of people decide to stop and those was Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth. 

      The abolitionists created something called Underground Railroad and that is a secret routes and safe houses for black slaves in the United State to scape and go to Canada just over 5,000 court cases for escaped slaves recorded. At that time emerged a Second Great Awakening led massive revivals in the 1820s have a boost to the subsequent emergence of abolitionism and the other important event that happen at that time was the supreme court's Dred Scott decision declares blacks, free or slave, have no citizenship rights.

Women's Rights

                                                                                         

         In the early 19th century in the world political movements organized to get the same benefits of social, economic and political rights enjoyed by men. Because of the abuse of power of men, the feminist movement emerged in order to change the law to prevent discrimination against women and to provide equality in all aspects of life, including education, employment and government representation. Lucretia Mott, an educator, was one of the most powerful advocates of reform who acted for that abolition and feminism in a critique that illustrate women to fight for their rights. Sarah Margaret Fuller wrote "The Woman in the 19th Century," the first act considered as feminism. Around 1840 abolition movement introduced the feminist movement. Elizabeth Cady Station organize the first convention for women's rights in Seneca Falls, New York, 1848. The convention claim the right to child custody, divorce and property rights. Also sued for suffrage, the right to vote. Sarah Grimke wrote in 1837 that "men and women are created equal ... the right of men will be women's rights", which was reflected in the Declaration of Senecca Falls.